feat(#72): 预警规则与阈值设定（声明式AlertRule三级severity+SOP联动，PRD 5.3 ③ 场景A）

把行业知识——预警分级(P0/P1/P2)+阈值+处置SOP——外置为模板配置（PRD line 152/171 阈值外置，行业工程师配置台维护），规则引擎零改动。 - alert_rules.py：AlertSeverity(P0/P1/P2) + AlertCondition(6 运算) + AlertRule(AND 语义) + AlertRuleEngine(按 severity 降序 + primary_alert) + 零依赖 YAML 解析(flow map)。 - config/alert_rules.template.yaml：6 条规则，特征名对齐 #70 FeatureSpec.name，sop 引用异常处置 SOP（供 #11 LLM 报警解释 + 驾驶舱红色告警 + 值班长确认，PRD 场景A）。 - tests/test_alert_rules.py：16 项单测（运算/规则/引擎排序/配置/端到端P0）全通过。 - _sanity_check_rules.py：冒烟（正常无告警 + 急升温P0）。 PRD line 333：关键告警不直接联动执行机构，高利害输出人工确认 → severity 分级支撑。
2026-08-05 02:13:18 +08:00
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+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""炉层杂质预警规则引擎单元测试（Issue #72）。
+
+覆盖：
+- AlertCondition 运算匹配（含缺失值不触发、未知 op 拒绝）；
+- AlertRule AND 语义、空条件拒绝、id 重复拒绝；
+- AlertSeverity 排序（primary_alert 取最高）；
+- AlertRuleEngine.evaluate 命中（多规则按 severity 降序）；
+- 模板配置 YAML 加载（含 flow map condition、错误 severity/op 拒绝）；
+- 端到端：模板资产加载 → 急升温特征向量 → P0 命中（场景A 红色告警）。
+"""
+import math
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import _bootstrap  # noqa: F401  挂载 impurity_forecast 包
+
+from impurity_forecast import (  # noqa: E402
+    Alert,
+    AlertCondition,
+    AlertRule,
+    AlertRuleEngine,
+    AlertSeverity,
+    load_alert_rules_config,
+)
+
+NAN = float("nan")
+CONFIG_PATH = os.path.join(
+    os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))),
+    "config", "alert_rules.template.yaml")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 1. AlertCondition
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class AlertConditionTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_ops(self):
+        self.assertTrue(AlertCondition("x", ">", 10).matches({"x": 11}))
+        self.assertTrue(AlertCondition("x", ">=", 10).matches({"x": 10}))
+        self.assertTrue(AlertCondition("x", "<", 10).matches({"x": 9}))
+        self.assertTrue(AlertCondition("x", "<=", 10).matches({"x": 10}))
+        self.assertTrue(AlertCondition("x", "==", 10).matches({"x": 10}))
+        self.assertFalse(AlertCondition("x", ">", 10).matches({"x": 10}))
+
+    def test_missing_value_not_match(self):
+        self.assertFalse(AlertCondition("x", ">", 10).matches({"x": NAN}))
+        self.assertFalse(AlertCondition("x", ">", 10).matches({"y": 100}))
+
+    def test_unknown_op_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            AlertCondition("x", "!=", 10)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 2. AlertRule
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class AlertRuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_and_semantics(self):
+        rule = AlertRule(id="r1", severity=AlertSeverity.P0, conditions=[
+            AlertCondition("a", ">", 10),
+            AlertCondition("b", "<", 5),
+        ])
+        self.assertTrue(rule.matches({"a": 11, "b": 4}))
+        self.assertFalse(rule.matches({"a": 11, "b": 6}))   # b 不满足
+        self.assertFalse(rule.matches({"a": 9, "b": 4}))    # a 不满足
+
+    def test_empty_conditions_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            AlertRule(id="r", severity=AlertSeverity.P0, conditions=[])
+
+    def test_empty_id_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            AlertRule(id="", severity=AlertSeverity.P0,
+                      conditions=[AlertCondition("a", ">", 1)])
+
+    def test_describe(self):
+        rule = AlertRule(id="r1", severity=AlertSeverity.P0, conditions=[
+            AlertCondition("炉温_ema5", ">", 900.0),
+        ])
+        self.assertIn("P0", rule.describe())
+        self.assertIn("炉温_ema5>900.0", rule.describe())
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 3. AlertRuleEngine
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class AlertRuleEngineTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def _engine(self) -> AlertRuleEngine:
+        return AlertRuleEngine([
+            AlertRule(id="p0_rule", severity=AlertSeverity.P0, conditions=[
+                AlertCondition("炉温", ">", 900.0)]),
+            AlertRule(id="p1_rule", severity=AlertSeverity.P1, conditions=[
+                AlertCondition("氯气", ">", 8.0)]),
+            AlertRule(id="p2_rule", severity=AlertSeverity.P2, conditions=[
+                AlertCondition("炉温", ">", 880.0)]),
+        ])
+
+    def test_empty_rules_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            AlertRuleEngine([])
+
+    def test_duplicate_id_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            AlertRuleEngine([
+                AlertRule(id="dup", severity=AlertSeverity.P0,
+                          conditions=[AlertCondition("a", ">", 1)]),
+                AlertRule(id="dup", severity=AlertSeverity.P1,
+                          conditions=[AlertCondition("b", ">", 1)]),
+            ])
+
+    def test_evaluate_returns_sorted_by_severity(self):
+        eng = self._engine()
+        # 炉温=890 同时命中 p2（>880）；氯气=10 命中 p1
+        alerts = eng.evaluate(100, {"炉温": 890.0, "氯气": 10.0})
+        ids = [a.rule_id for a in alerts]
+        self.assertEqual(ids, ["p1_rule", "p2_rule"])   # P1 > P2
+        self.assertEqual([a.severity for a in alerts],
+                         [AlertSeverity.P1, AlertSeverity.P2])
+
+    def test_primary_alert_picks_highest(self):
+        eng = self._engine()
+        # 炉温=920 命中 p0 + p2 → 主告警 P0
+        alerts = eng.evaluate(100, {"炉温": 920.0})
+        primary = eng.primary_alert(alerts)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(primary)
+        self.assertEqual(primary.severity, AlertSeverity.P0)
+
+    def test_no_hit_returns_empty(self):
+        eng = self._engine()
+        self.assertEqual(eng.evaluate(100, {"炉温": 850.0, "氯气": 5.0}), [])
+        self.assertIsNone(eng.primary_alert([]))
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 4. 模板配置 YAML 加载
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class ConfigLoadTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_load_template_config(self):
+        cfg = load_alert_rules_config(CONFIG_PATH)
+        self.assertEqual(cfg.template, "ti-cl4")
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(cfg.rules), 5)
+        ids = [r.id for r in cfg.rules]
+        self.assertIn("bed_temp_critical", ids)
+        self.assertIn("cl2_flow_warning", ids)
+
+    def test_flow_map_condition_parsed(self):
+        cfg = load_alert_rules_config(CONFIG_PATH)
+        r = next(x for x in cfg.rules if x.id == "bed_temp_critical")
+        self.assertEqual(r.severity, AlertSeverity.P0)
+        self.assertEqual(r.conditions[0].feature, "炉温_ema5")
+        self.assertEqual(r.conditions[0].op, ">")
+        self.assertEqual(r.conditions[0].threshold, 900.0)
+        self.assertEqual(r.sop, "SOP-CL-001")
+
+    def test_engine_from_template_config(self):
+        eng = AlertRuleEngine.from_template_config(CONFIG_PATH)
+        # 炉温_ema5=920 命中 bed_temp_critical (P0) + bed_temp_near_limit (P2)
+        alerts = eng.evaluate(1, {"炉温_ema5": 920.0})
+        ids = [a.rule_id for a in alerts]
+        self.assertIn("bed_temp_critical", ids)
+        self.assertEqual(eng.primary_alert(alerts).severity, AlertSeverity.P0)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 5. 端到端：急升温场景命中 P0（PRD 场景A 红色告警）
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class EndToEndScenarioATest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_rising_temp_triggers_p0(self):
+        """模拟炉层杂质富集的急升温：规则引擎应在 ema 平滑值越界时产出 P0 告警。"""
+        eng = AlertRuleEngine.from_template_config(CONFIG_PATH)
+        # 特征向量：炉温_ema5 越过 900 上限
+        values = {"炉温_ema5": 905.0, "炉温_rate10": 0.06,
+                  "氯气流量_std10": 5.0, "炉压_rate10": 0.02,
+                  "炉层状态_mean10": 60.0}
+        alerts = eng.evaluate(timestamp=100, values=values)
+        primary = eng.primary_alert(alerts)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(primary, "急升温应触发预警")
+        self.assertEqual(primary.severity, AlertSeverity.P0,
+                         "主告警应为 P0 红色告警")
+        # 命中的 P0 规则应有处置 SOP（供 LLM 报警解释 + 值班长确认）
+        self.assertTrue(any(a.sop for a in alerts if a.severity == AlertSeverity.P0))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main(verbosity=2)